Leadership Development And Norma Rae

Leadership Development And Norma Rae An Interactive Successful leader, the Norma Rae (Portrayed by Sally Field) and this classic movie is actually based on the true life of Crystal lee Sutton formerly known as Crystal Lee Jordan who was an employee at J.P Stevens Plant in Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina before being fired in an attempt unionize the employees of the factory. Crystal lee Sutton, who was an American advocate and union organizer, made $2.65 an hour and like Norma Rae had struggled for a safe, fair, working environment for all. (Source-Wikipidea.com) Norma Rae, is a classic example of courage and determination of a strong and motivated women who beyond being small, Un-certain and Un-sophisticated has demonstrated an exceptional leadership quality which facilitated as an instrument to eradicate the common suffering prevalent in her community. Its a brave act of a strong woman against discrimination, sexism and racism. Its a fight for the human rights to live in a fair working environment. Movie has confirmed the truth again that one doesnt needs to be better than the people whom they lead as Norma Rae(Sally Field) exhibits the most robust act of wordless suasion further acknowledging that in leadership, Oratory isnt the whole thing. A radical transformation of a destined follower benefitting more than just a few is the storyline behind Norma Rae. As the study done by Calliper also states that: Women leaders are more assertive and persuasive, have a stronger need to get things done and are more willing to take risks than male leaders.Women leaders were also found to be more empathetic and flexible, as well as stronger in interpersonal skills than their male counterparts.enabl[ing] them to read situations accurately and take information in from all sides.These women leaders are able to bring others around to their point of view.because they genuinely understand and care about where others are coming from.so that the people they are leading feel more understood, supported and valued Norma Rae as a protà ©gà ©e and Rueben being her mentor have exhibited an effective leadership with slightly different leadership styles which further benefitted them to sell their vision to others and guides others for a better tomorrow. In the Movie, Norma Rae, shares the same social identity (Hogg et al, 2001) as she is one of them who have worked within the same mill with her whole family throughout their lives. Anxious still firm, she never denies her past and engages in battle passionately for what she believed was indispensable for the community. Its the Rueben efforts that catalyses Norma from a being a follower to a rebel for a common cause and suffering. Norma Rae demonstrates a more intuitive, task oriented, shared power approach towards leadership and an eagerness to encompass and seek conciliation as suggested by studies about women managers (Fox Shuhmann, 1999; Rosener, 1995; Lunneborg, 1990; Billing and Alvesson, 1994; Gilligan, 1982: Guy, 1992). The Film In the Movie, Norma Rae the protagonist, leads her people towards a better livelihood from a despondent drudgery (Clemens et al, 2000) struggling with all who with money and rights tried to trample the basic human rights. O.P Henley Mill, where she worked as a worker provided her the real platform to explore her true potential. Norma Rae an un-educated, poor worker who finally articulates the pain, and sufferings of all the co workers without any domination but with the power of a unionised effort. As said by Dr. Musimbi kanyaro also that in todays world: Domination as a leadership style is becoming less and less popular. There is a new growing appreciation ofthose traits that women use to keep families together and to organize volunteers to unite and make change in the shared life of communities. These newly admired leadership qualities of shared leadership; nurturance and doing good for others are today not only sought after but also indeed needed to make a difference in the world.A feminine way of leading includes helping the world to understand and be principled about values that really matter. Similarly Norma Rae utilizes the power of shared leadership, nurturance and participative leadership to sell the vision and value behind working in a safe, fair environment being equal for everyone everywhere. It was the exuberant effort of her mentor Reuben Warshawsky , an American labor Union Organiser (Played by Ron Liebman) who sparked the flame inside the passive follower Norma Raes heart, radically transforming her from a follower to rebel with a cause. According to a study of Calliper also it states, that women leaders like Norma Rae learns from adversity and carry on with an Ill show you attitude. Norma Rae has demonstrated the fact that even being denigrated due to the dicey sexual past and bad temper she would never deny who she is and even wont let it matter also. She continued the struggle passionately and won the allegiance of the downtrodden workers while remaining as one of them. As power is not based on title or status; it comes from connecting with people and standing up for what you believe in (Goleman et al, 2002), Norma Raes has also demonstrated the same when she stood up after scrawling the word union on a board, holding her declaration for almost three minutes and as a result, the workers switched off their machines. She stood scared but firm to elucidate the apathy of her and her co-workers. As been described by John Mac Gregory Burns observation: The key distinctive role of the leadership at the outset is that leaders take the initiative. They address their creative insights to potential followers, seize their attention, and spark further interaction. The first act is decisive because it breaks up a static situation and establishes a relationship. It is in every sense, a creative act. (2003:172) Norma Rae who took the initiative of unionisation, and were able to establish the connection became a vital part in the formation of the victorious union. According to (Paglis and Green, 2002) also leaders with high Self Efficacy takes more initiatives to solve the problems and introduce the desirable changes, So Norma Rae shares an high self efficacy to bring substantial changes in system. In the movie Reuben, who knew the legal system and laws, guides Norma as a mentor to take matured and rightful strong decisions. As Gini, A. (1998) explains about the use of power, Norma Rae has pushed the common goal of Unionisation even without any official authority such that through her actions and diligence she persuaded, orchestrated, guided, directed and mobilised her co-workers. Leaders like Norma Rae are confident in the ability to influence people and are more likely to use persuasion rather than coercive or manipulative influence tactics (Goodstadt Hjelle, 1973). As a leader, Norma Rae has interacted in non-coercive ways to decide what changes they wanted to make. It was a multi-directional influence relationship (Rost-1991) between the Norma and its co followers with a mutual objective to accomplish a real change. After being polished and waging a war with full throttle energy Norma shared a teacher-student relationship with Reuben where reverse mentoring (Bass et al, 1994) also cultivated. It was cultivated further into peer relationship, where mentor also being guided by protà ©gà ©e -In the movie also it was depicted when Norma advises Rueben, that the flyer was too complicated and needed more simplification. In the whole movie Rueben, an expertise and an experienced leader was able to organize the zeal inside the Norma Rae to overcome the obstacles together. Rueben has also used the authority and knowledge to individually deal with some difficult situations in the movie for example, when he gets the notice rightly positioned on the notice board during the official visit within the factory. In the end Norma Rae, finally confronts the management more strongly to amputate the whimsical management system as she herself being victimized when her father dies due to pathetic working conditions. One amongst the 800 mill workers she dares and raises her voice to fight for a common cause. The Director perspective The director has demonstrated three distinct leadership styles within the movie where Norma Rae portrays as a Transformational leader with social identity theory and participative leadership style. She demonstrates Situational leadership corroborating the fact that leaders are made not born and leadership is not gender specific. The second style being portrayed by Rueben is of Authentic-Ethical, and of a charismatic Transformational leader, having mentor-protà ©gà ©e relationship with Norma Rae mentoring her, the democratic style of leadership. The third style is of the management of O.P.Henley Textile Mill, being totally autocratic, authoritarian style of leadership. Analysing leadership The main leadership paradigms illustrated in the film are- Leaders can be created or Leadership as a Process Contingency Theory of Leadership and Situational Leadership Transformational Leadership Mentor-Protà ©gà ©e Relationship Authentic Ethical Leadership The Gender Perspective of leadership Social identity theory of leadership Leadership can be created or leadership as a process: A strong theme across disciplines is to gain better understanding of what constitutes effective leadership and which factors have an influence on leadership performance(Singh 2008) It was the confidence, Integrity, Connection, Resilience and the aspiration which made Norma Rae an overall effective leader. She was a made leader who gathered the courage and made the most effective use by synergising the team work for a purposeful action. Gather the courage and understanding to confront the competitive -independent milieus of most organisations; work with employees so that they are convinced that teamwork is to their advantage; and put teamwork to work to achieve synergy up and down and across the organisation.(Tjosvold and Tjosovold 1991) Norma Rae as a movie opposes the applicability of trait leadership also. As under the tutelage of Ruebens, Norma even without the charismatic power which is perceived to be an important aspect of leadership achieves the impossible even for her also. It is one of the contradictions under which she lived till the time Ruebens became his mentor and the relationship converted into mentor-protà ©gà ©e relationship. Norma marshalled (Bennis and Nanus, 1997) the skills under the tutelage of Rueben. Norma Rae with the cognitive ability (Bruce Avolio, 2005:25) even, after being rejected from the pastor, conducted meeting at her home, facing the conflict with Sonny also. Even after facing the conflicts both from the work and even from the family she was able to trudge through the path successfully and won her followers what they deserved. Even after being confronted hard by the company (work-conflict) she was able to stand as strong, as a powerful woman who conveyed the vision to everyone. She was able to win the hearts of the followers as she had the same pain. Contingency Theory of leadership and Situational Leadership As Bennis suggested that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦more leaders have been made by accident, circumstances, and sheer will then have been made by all the leadership courses. Leadership and the leadership style is subjected to situations and circumstances (Howell et al, 2006) as shown in the movie also where Norma is completely being transformed and she fights for workers altogether. Its the way she exhibited situational leadership to motivate other workers when she holds the piece of cardboard with the word union written on it. This further formulated the worker to understand the real depth behind that word and they joined together by switching off their machines. Norma took the responsibility to integrate them through a single powerful word with deep silence and innocent eyes thriving to get them what they actually deserved. All the workers got turned into the followers as being aroused by eager and wants, by portraying the single idea from their perspective (Halpern et al, 2003) Transformational leadership Enthusiasm, Energy, Engagement, Sharing Power and information and encouraging participation are key skills or traits being present in a transformational leader. As said by Roserner (1990), a transformational leader is one who can transform and is able to motivate subordinates to transform their own self interest into the interest of the group through concern for a broader goal. Norma as a transformational leader had a very good understanding of the psychology of his followers to inspirationally motivate them and intellectually stimulate them. (Pierce et al, 2008). Norma Rae being personally identified as one of them was able to encourage the followers and motivated them to lend themselves for a common cause. Vinnicombe and Singh (2002) also described a women management and communication style as being based on personal respect, mutual trust, and regard for the contribution that each team member can bring, and the development of the individual and diverse talent. Rueben, being a charismatic transformational leader, told the story about his grandfather and unions to create a vision and demonstrate the values of working as a team and how a unified team is like a family. He knew that transformational leadership is a multi-level construct and type of individualised relationship that a leader establishes with followers which emerges within team members also. Even as described in transformational theories that emotional processes being as important as rational processes it signifies symbolic action and Instrumental behaviour. Rueben also told Norma Rae to leave when she behaves rudely and counsels her to be diplomatic. Rueben displays a very high emotional intelligence in situations. Even ( Avolio and Bass-1995) argued that transformational leadership is a multi-level construct and its the type of individualised relationship that a leader establishes with followers which emerges within team members also. High levels of Emotional Intelligence as said by (Goleman-1998) being the most important for effective leaders as it provides them the ability to adapt themselves to the different situations especially crisis. Authentic-Ethical leadership Gardener also has stated about authentic leadership and authentic leaders such as Genuine leaders are the ones who lead by example in fostering healthy ethical climates characterised by transparency, trust, integrity, and high moral standards. Such leaders can be called as authentic leaders who are not only true to themselves, but they lead also lead others by helping them to achieve authenticity also (Gardener et al. 2005:344) Rueben also exhibits authentic ethical leadership which is related to values and commitment for self development of the team members. As said: Ethical Leadership is also related to leader personality traits and needs (Brown Trevino, 2006b; OConnor Mumford, Clifton, Gessner , Connelly , 1995). Rueben has demonstrated all aspects of an effective leader with high level of conscientiousness, High Emotional maturity, Low nuerotocism, Low narcissism and high internal locus of control. Even Norma also shares strong internal locus of control as she also believes that lives are determined more by our own actions than by chance or Uncontrollable forces ,which is further groomed with Rueben motivation. According to Bass and Steidlmeier (1999), there is disparity between authentic transformational leader and the Pseudo Transformational leadership. Authentic leadership is a lot more than performing in a transformational way. The authentic transformational leaders are more based on their moral and virtuous foundations. The Gender Perspective of leadership As the meta analysis done by Eagly,Johannesen-Schmidt Van Engen ,(2003) it explains that women uses slightly more transformational leadership behaviour than men which makes them more renowned among the followers. Norma demonstrated courage as well as individualised consideration for everyone as shes used to remember the names of people in the movie which included supportive behaviour as well as the efforts to develop subordinates skill and confidence. Acc to Heller (1982) also there is a common myth that leadership is gender specific and only men make good leaders. Even in the movie Sonny complains to Norma about her casual behaviour towards family and paying more attention towards her union work. This incident also reflects that women are supposed to be taking care of household work only. This mindset is completely condemned by Norma and she proves that leadership is beyond gender and in fact women have certain characteristic that awards them the edge over men in being the leaders, like -empathy, and a caring attitude (Heller, 1982). Norma exhibits a classic example of an made leader and marks that womens posses the potential to become an outstanding leaders than men. Social Identity theory of leadership Norma Rae closely represents the group characteristics as well as aspiration, Norms and values of the group as shes one of them. She creates a social identity (Hogg ,2001) within the group. Norma Rae works closely with the followers and transforms them. Norma as depicted in the movie also very creative in expressing her beliefs for social development particularly when she holds that play card of Union in her hands. As supposed by (Reicher and Haslam, in press-b) that both leader and followers are active interpreter of social world. In Norma Rae also both Norma and the followers struggles for creating an equal world for all. It allows them to create their own world and rather than the one made by others. Such strategies are most common when there is Undemocratic and dictatorial regimes( Reicher Hopkins ,2003; Koonz, 2003: Overy ,2004) which is being followed by O.P Henley management. Conclusion Norma Rae has demonstrated the real potential of the womens and portrayed the real life of Crystal Lee Sutton. Like Norma Rae all the women do posses the ability to become effective leaders. Norma had portrayed a very distinct and extra-ordinary style of leadership with the help of his mentor Rueben. She achieved the goal of Unionisation and got her people what they actually deserved. Stodgill (1948, p. 64) also said that: A person does not become a leader by virtue of the possession of some combination of traits.the pattern of personal characteristics of the leader must bear some relevant relationship to the characteristics ,activities, and goals of the followers.

Italian Immigration vs Irish Immigration

This paper will contrast the two dominant populations of immigrants to the United States in the 19th and early 20th century. These two groups of immigrants were from Italy and Ireland. The reasons both of these groups immigrated to the United States are very similar, but their cultures were vastly different, and the marks they left on our society are still felt to this day. At the beginning of the 19th century the dominant industry of Ireland was agriculture. Large areas of the country were under the control of landowners living in England. Much of this land was rented to small farmers who, because of a lack of capital, farmed with antiquated implements and used outdated methods. The land was unable to sustain the population and many began to look for new lands to live. In 1816 around 6,000 Irish people sailed for America. Within two years this figure had doubled. Early arrivals were recruited to build canals and do other labor intensive jobs. In 1818 over 3,000 Irish laborers were employed building the Erie Canal. By 1826 around 5,000 were working on four separate canal projects. The peak of Irish immigration occurred in the 1840s, when half of all immigrants to the United States came from Ireland. Ireland had the highest population density in all of Europe during this time period, but the country was unable to sustain its citizens. This resulted in widespread starvation and difficult living conditions, and many Irish immigrants chose to leave their homeland and make their way in America. In 1850 there were 960,000 people in the United States that had emigrated from Ireland. The vast majority lived in New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Illinois, Ohio and New Jersey. The Irish Immigrant Society tried to persuade immigrants to move to other parts of the United States, but the vast majority were very poor, and had no money for transportation or to buy land. They therefore tended to settle close to their port of entry into the United States. One of the largest factors in the large numbers of Irish Immigrants was a serious disease affecting Irish potatoes, which ruined about 75% of the country's crop. This was a major disaster because over four million people in Ireland depended on the potato as their main food. The disease returned in 1846 and over the next year an estimated 350,000 people died of starvation and an outbreak of typhus also decimated the population. Despite good potato crops over the next four years, people continued to die from rampant diseases, and in 1851 the Census Commissioners estimated that nearly a million people had died during the Irish food crisis. The Irish food shortage stimulated a desire to immigrate. By the end of 1854 nearly two million people (about a quarter of the population) had immigrated to the United States. Another major factor for mass immigration was the political situation under British rule. Many bad political decisions made by the British, affected the quality of life of the Irish citizens and contributed to the massive disease outbreaks and crop failures. The dream of many Irishmen was the chance to own their own land. Freedom and a democratic government that promised a voice in their government also had a romantic appeal to the hordes of Irish Immigrants. Religious freedom was another important factor. Of course it was really tough for new Irish immigrants in the US, but they proved themselves to be a hardy and resilient group of people. Thousands of Irish laborers worked on building the railroads in the United States. Some were able to save enough money to buy land and establish themselves as farmers along the routes they had helped to develop. This was especially true of Illinois and by 1860 there were 87,000 Irish people living in this state. Other Irish immigrants became coalminers in Pennsylvania. Working conditions in the mines were terrible with no safety requirements, no official inspections and no proper ventilation. When workers were mistreated for trade union activity, they formed a secret society called the Molly Maguires. Named after an anti-landlord organization in Ireland, the group attempted to frighten mine-owners and their supporters. The group was not broken-up until 1875. The Irish tended to support the Democratic Party rather than the Republican Party. They had little sympathy for slaves as they feared that if they were given their freedom they would move north and threaten the jobs being done by Irish immigrants. However, on the outbreak of the Civil War general an estimated 170,000 men born in Ireland joined the Union Army, whereas only 40,000 were in the Confederate Army. One Irish immigrant, Thomas Meagher, became a highly successful general in the war. Before 1870, there were few Italian immigrants in the United States. Italy was one of the most populated countries in Europe and many began to consider the possibility of leaving Italy to escape low wages, high taxes and little opportunity to better themselves. Most of these immigrants were uneducated and from rural communities. From 1890 to 1900, around 650,000 Italian immigrants arrived in the United States, of whom two-thirds were men. Most planned to return to Italy once they had built up some savings, but many realized the opportunities that existed in their new country and sent for their families to join them. The earliest Italian immigrants to the United States were from Northern Italy, who became prominent as fruit merchants in New York and wine growers in California. Later, more and more immigrants came from Southern Italy and the communities and institutions they formed reflected the region's of Italy they came from. The main push factor for Italians was poor economic opportunities in Italy during this period, particularly in the southern regions, and pull factor of easily obtainable jobs in the United States. Italians settled in cities and often dominated specific neighborhoods, called â€Å"Little Italys†, where they could cooperate with one another and find favorite foods. Most arrived with little cash or education since most had been peasant farmers in Italy. They lacked craft skills, and therefore generally performed manual labor. With a strong interest in food, they became fruit peddlers and gardeners, and opened neighborhood groceries and restaurants that catered to fellow Italians. Most Italians found unskilled work in America's cities. There were large colonies in New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Baltimore and Detroit. From 1900 to 1910 over 2,100,000 arrived. Of these, around 40% eventually returned to Italy. Willing to work long hours on low wages, the Italians now began to rival the Irish for much of the unskilled work available in industrial areas. This sometimes led to hostilities breaking out between the two groups of workers. Italian neighborhoods were typically older areas with overcrowded houses and poor sanitation. Tuberculosis was very common. Italian immigration peaked from 1900 until 1914. In the American South, Italian immigrants met hostility and violence, sometimes even becoming the victims of violent crimes from other immigrant populations who resented the vast numbers of them invading their communities and taking jobs and resources away. For Italians, like other immigrant groups, politics, entertainment, sports, crime, and especially small business served as ladders for upward mobility. Italian American politicians, however, were hindered by a lack of ethnic organization. Italian Americans achieved notable success in both classical and popular music. Italian Americans were particularly successful in areas that did not require extensive formal education such as sales and small business ownership. In conclusion, The United States has greatly benefited from the many contributions of both Irish and Italian Immigrants. They have been instrumental in helping to build the infrastructure of the United States during the 19th and 20th century, and both of their cultures have been woven into the basic lifestyles that most of us enjoy today. Reference www.latinamericanstudies.org/italian-immigrants.htm

John F. Kennedy s Inaugural Speech - 2478 Words

Being number two on the list of top one hundred speeches in www.americanrhetoric.com, it is no surprise that John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural speech on January 20, 1961had a great impact on the American public (ar100). His speech is famous for it’s eloquence and ending call to action, challenging the American public to, â€Å"ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country (JFK 1).† Traditionally, inaugural speeches are given to unify the nation and provide a clear picture of what the future will look like throughout the presidency. During the time of Kennedy’s inaugural speech, the American people were becoming increasingly fearful of a very long cold war. However, instead of instilling a feeling of peace for the United States, Kennedy spoke of a long struggle, emphasizing the major differences between the United States and its enemies, and outlined the specific responsibilities and obligations of the United States citizens. Kenne dy’s speech was eloquently delivered and well-crafted, however there was much more depth to his speech than just how well is was delivered. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address showed the American foreign policy and raised the stakes of the cold war. This essay will critically analyze Kennedy’s Inaugural Address. Kennedy called for an increase in the United States role of intervening in global relations and expanding in the name of freedom. Kennedy vows to support any nation wanting to pursue liberty and democracy. This call for anShow MoreRelatedJohn F Kennedy s Inaugural Speech947 Words   |  4 PagesJohn F Kennedy’s inaugural speech is widely considered one of the best speeches ever given. By the time Kennedy was elected, he had earned a degree from Harvard University, spent time in the Navy during the Second World War, and was already enjoying a successful political career serving in both houses of Congress. 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Family Developmental Theory ( Fdt ) Essay - 1472 Words

Family Developmental Theory (FDT) first came about in the last 1940s, as a need to understand how families and the individuals within the family function in order to have their needs met (Smith Hamon, 2012). According to Smith and Hamon (2012) unlike the psychology-based theories, which concentrate on an individual and sociology-based theories address the social and cultural aspects, FDT places the family at the center of its assessment (p.70). In this theoretical memo basic assumption of FDT will be discussed and related to the Galager family case study. The following are the six basic assumptions of FDT: (a) developmental processes are essential in understanding families that also change over time (b) there are tasks associated with each stage of development, (c) institutional norms regulate family behavior, (d) development is reciprocal, (e) families must be viewed in multiple levels of analysis, and (f) families must be observed over time (p. 72). In order to discuss family deve lopment, one must first have an understanding of what is meant by the term family. Although there are many descriptions attempting to define family, the following contemporary definition is more accurate, â€Å"The family is who they say they are† (Wright Leakey, 2013). With that said, the case study family, the Galagers, consist of a married heterosexual couple, two adult daughters, and their three dogs. Although majority of the family acknowledges these animals as part of the family, patriarch